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Protests are fueled by past and present social violence experienced by people living on the edges of protected areas. 2015, Matema and Andersson 2015), coercion and violence toward local populations (Duffy 2014), and the symmetrical, sometimes violent, protest of local populations to conservation policies (Newmark and Hough 2000, Orlove 2002, Stern 2008). 2004), human–wildlife conflicts (Dublin and Hoare 2004, Guerbois et al. 2006), including illegal hunting (Rowcliffe et al. However, like any other efforts to protect the environment, they are often associated with conflicts between local actors (Wittmer et al. Protected areas have been widely used as a strategy for conserving biodiversity in the face of ecosystem degradation (Palomo et al. Key words: coexistence multistakeholder participatory modeling role-playing game Zimbabwe INTRODUCTION

We conclude by discussing the next phase of our work: the necessary involvement of conservation actors in the Kulayijana team, and the implementation of Kulayijana with higher hierarchical levels. We emphasize the fact that working with marginalized actors first increased participation, appropriation, and confidence of rural communities to engage in a multistakeholder debate, thus reducing power imbalance among actors. We show how this approach allowed the negotiation of uncertainties and their inclusion in a model that constitutes a shared representation of farmers’ interactions with the protected area. The game, called Kulayijana (teaching each other), was tested and validated by other members of the rural communities and subsequently presented to protected area managers. After 18 months of intensive ethnographical fieldwork to gain knowledge and legitimacy, we spent one year codesigning the first version of the game with a group of volunteer villagers. Adopting the Companion Modeling approach, we conducted a participatory modeling experiment to codesign a role-playing game that simulates the interactions between farming activities, livestock herding practices, and wildlife in a virtual landscape reproducing local social–ecological dynamics. In this paper, we describe a process initiated in Zimbabwe to create a fair and balanced locally designed arena where local communities and protected area managers may collaborate to produce effective management plans. Although theoretically sound and appealing, the involvement of local residents in the management of protected areas is often impaired in practice by scale mismatches, conflicting values and interests, power imbalance, and a lack of trust among actors. Unsuccessful top-down approaches for conservation may be replaced by alternative forms of systemic management involving local actors in the design and implementation of conservation management. Protected areas are often burdened with conflicts between environmental managers and neighboring rural communities. Modeling with nonacademics: simply prepare complexity.Power balance and legitimacies: a strategic posture.Kulayijana and protected areas managers.Perception of Kulayijana by the codesign team.Initiation: a prototype version of the game.

Kulayijana: codesign of a role-playing game.Companion modeling: collective sense making and boundary objects.An ethnography of cattle-herding practices.The Sikumi-Hwange social–ecological system: actors and land use.1Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UR AGIRs, 2Center for Applied Social Sciences (CASS), University of Harare, Zimbabwe, 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, 4Current address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, Ecole Pratiques des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), 6CIRAD GREEN

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